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Ex 1: Visualization of MLP weights on MNIST
此範例將使用MNIST dataset的訓練資料集去訓練MLPClassifier，資料集中每張圖片都是28*28，對於第一層的每個神經元都會有28*28個特徵，輸出結果是將訓練資料的每個像素點對於神經元的權重畫成28*28的圖，用來表示圖片上每個像素點對於神經元的權重多寡。
(一)引入函式庫與資料
1.matplotlib.pyplot:用來繪製影像 2.sklearn.datasets:引入內建的手寫數字資料庫 3.sklearn.neural_network:引入類神經網路的套件
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from sklearn.datasets import fetch_mldata
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from sklearn.neural_network import MLPClassifier
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mnist = fetch_mldata("MNIST original")
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(二)將資料切割成訓練集與測試集
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# 將灰階影像降尺度降到[0,1]
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X, y = mnist.data / 255., mnist.target
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X_train, X_test = X[:60000], X[60000:]
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y_train, y_test = y[:60000], y[60000:]
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(三)設定分類器參數與訓練網路並畫出權重矩陣
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#hidden_layer_sizes=(50)此處使用1層隱藏層，只有50個神經元，max_iter=10疊代訓練10次
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mlp = MLPClassifier(hidden_layer_sizes=(50), max_iter=10, alpha=1e-4,
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solver='sgd', verbose=10, tol=1e-4, random_state=1,
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learning_rate_init=.1)
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mlp.fit(X_train, y_train)
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#畫出16個神經元的權重圖，黑色表示負的權重，越深色表示數值越大，白色表示正的權重，越淺色表示數值越大
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fig, axes = plt.subplots(4, 4)
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# use global min / max to ensure all weights are shown on the same scale
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vmin, vmax = mlp.coefs_[0].min(), mlp.coefs_[0].max()
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for coef, ax in zip(mlp.coefs_[0].T, axes.ravel()):
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ax.matshow(coef.reshape(28, 28), cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=.5 * vmin,
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vmax=.5 * vmax)
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ax.set_xticks(())
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ax.set_yticks(())
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plt.show()
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圖1:16個神經元對於影像的權重圖
圖2:疊代計算時loss下降
(四)完整程式碼
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print(__doc__)
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from sklearn.datasets import fetch_mldata
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from sklearn.neural_network import MLPClassifier
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mnist = fetch_mldata("MNIST original")
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X, y = mnist.data / 255., mnist.target
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X_train, X_test = X[:60000], X[60000:]
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y_train, y_test = y[:60000], y[60000:]
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mlp = MLPClassifier(hidden_layer_sizes=(50), max_iter=10, alpha=1e-4,
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solver='sgd', verbose=10, tol=1e-4, random_state=1,
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learning_rate_init=.1)
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mlp.fit(X_train, y_train)
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print("Training set score: %f" % mlp.score(X_train, y_train))
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print("Test set score: %f" % mlp.score(X_test, y_test))
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fig, axes = plt.subplots(4, 4)
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vmin, vmax = mlp.coefs_[0].min(), mlp.coefs_[0].max()
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for coef, ax in zip(mlp.coefs_[0].T, axes.ravel()):
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ax.matshow(coef.reshape(28, 28), cmap=plt.cm.gray, vmin=.5 * vmin,
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vmax=.5 * vmax)
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ax.set_xticks(())
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ax.set_yticks(())
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plt.show()
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