Decision boundary of label propagation versus SVM on the Iris dataset

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​https://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/semi_supervised/plot_label_propagation_versus_svm_iris.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-semi-supervised-plot-label-propagation-versus-svm-iris-py​
此範例是比較藉由Label Propagation(標籤傳播法)及SVM(支持向量機)對iris dataset(鳶尾花卉數據集)生成的decision boundary(決策邊界)
Label Propagation屬於一種Semi-supervised learning(半監督學習)
(一)引入函式庫
numpy : 產生陣列數值
matplotlib.pyplot : 用來繪製影像
sklearn import datasets : 匯入資料集
sklearn import svm : 匯入支持向量機
sklearn.semi_supervised import LabelSpreading : 匯入標籤傳播算法
```python
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets from sklearn import svm from sklearn.semi_supervised import LabelSpreading
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## (二)讀取資料集
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​
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* numpy.random.RandomState(seed=None) : 產生隨機數
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* datasets.load_iris() : 將資料及存入，iris為一個dict型別資料
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* X代表從iris資料內讀取前兩項數據，分別表示萼片的長度及寬度
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* y代表iris所屬的class
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* np.copy() : 複製數據進行操作，避免修改原本的檔案
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* [rng.rand(len(y)) < 0.3] = -1 代表隨機生成150個0~1區間的值，並將小於0.3的值轉為-1 (len(y)為150)
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```python
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rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
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iris = datasets.load_iris()
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X = iris.data[:, :2]
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y = iris.target
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h = .02 # 設定用於mesh的step
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y_30 = np.copy(y)
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y_30[rng.rand(len(y)) < 0.3] = -1
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y_50 = np.copy(y)
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y_50[rng.rand(len(y)) < 0.5] = -1
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LabelSpreading().fit() : 進行標籤傳播法並擬合數據集
svm.SVC().fit() : 進行SVC(support vectors classification)並擬合數據集
分別用不同比例已被標籤的數據和未被標籤的數據進行標籤傳播，並與SVM的結果進行對比
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# we create an instance of SVM and fit out data. We do not scale our
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# data since we want to plot the support vectors
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ls30 = (LabelSpreading().fit(X, y_30), y_30)
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ls50 = (LabelSpreading().fit(X, y_50), y_50)
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ls100 = (LabelSpreading().fit(X, y), y)
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rbf_svc = (svm.SVC(kernel='rbf', gamma=.5).fit(X, y), y)
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(三)繪製比較圖
min()、max() : 決定x與y的範圍
np.meshgrid() : 從給定的座標向量回傳座標矩陣
這裡分別是以x,y的最大、最小值加減1並以h=0.02的間隔來繪製
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x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 1, X[:, 0].max() + 1
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y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 1, X[:, 1].max() + 1
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xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h),
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                   np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
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定義各圖片標題
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titles = ['Label Spreading 30% data',
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        'Label Spreading 50% data',
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        'Label Spreading 100% data',
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        'SVC with rbf kernel']
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為了繪製圖片，設定一個為dict型態的color_map，將4種label分別給予不同顏色
最後用下面的程式將所有點繪製出來
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color_map = {-1: (1, 1, 1), 0: (0, 0, .9), 1: (1, 0, 0), 2: (.8, .6, 0)}
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​
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for i, (clf, y_train) in enumerate((ls30, ls50, ls100, rbf_svc)):
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    # Plot the decision boundary. For that, we will assign a color to each
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    # point in the mesh [x_min, x_max]x[y_min, y_max].
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    plt.subplot(2, 2, i + 1)
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    Z = clf.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
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​
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    # Put the result into a color plot
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    Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
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    plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Paired)
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    plt.axis('off')
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​
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    # Plot also the training points
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    colors = [color_map[y] for y in y_train]
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    plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=colors, edgecolors='black')
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​
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    plt.title(titles[i])
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​
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plt.suptitle("Unlabeled points are colored white", y=0.1)
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plt.show()
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顯示了即使只有少部分被標籤的數據，Label Propagation也能很好的學習產生decision boundary
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​
(四)完整程式碼
​https://scikit-learn.org/stable/_downloads/97a366ef6b2f7394d4eb409814bf4842/plot_label_propagation_versus_svm_iris.py​
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print(__doc__)
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​
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# Authors: Clay Woolam <[email protected]>
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# License: BSD
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​
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from sklearn import datasets
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from sklearn import svm
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from sklearn.semi_supervised import LabelSpreading
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​
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rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
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​
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iris = datasets.load_iris()
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​
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X = iris.data[:, :2]
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y = iris.target
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​
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# step size in the mesh
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h = .02
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​
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y_30 = np.copy(y)
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y_30[rng.rand(len(y)) < 0.3] = -1
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y_50 = np.copy(y)
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y_50[rng.rand(len(y)) < 0.5] = -1
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# we create an instance of SVM and fit out data. We do not scale our
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# data since we want to plot the support vectors
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ls30 = (LabelSpreading().fit(X, y_30), y_30)
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ls50 = (LabelSpreading().fit(X, y_50), y_50)
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ls100 = (LabelSpreading().fit(X, y), y)
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rbf_svc = (svm.SVC(kernel='rbf', gamma=.5).fit(X, y), y)
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​
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# create a mesh to plot in
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x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 1, X[:, 0].max() + 1
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y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 1, X[:, 1].max() + 1
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xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h),
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                     np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
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​
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# title for the plots
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titles = ['Label Spreading 30% data',
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          'Label Spreading 50% data',
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          'Label Spreading 100% data',
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          'SVC with rbf kernel']
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​
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color_map = {-1: (1, 1, 1), 0: (0, 0, .9), 1: (1, 0, 0), 2: (.8, .6, 0)}
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​
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for i, (clf, y_train) in enumerate((ls30, ls50, ls100, rbf_svc)):
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    # Plot the decision boundary. For that, we will assign a color to each
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    # point in the mesh [x_min, x_max]x[y_min, y_max].
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    plt.subplot(2, 2, i + 1)
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    Z = clf.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
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​
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    # Put the result into a color plot
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    Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
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    plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Paired)
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    plt.axis('off')
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​
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    # Plot also the training points
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    colors = [color_map[y] for y in y_train]
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    plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=colors, edgecolors='black')
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​
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    plt.title(titles[i])
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​
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plt.suptitle("Unlabeled points are colored white", y=0.1)
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plt.show()
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Ex 4: Label Propagation digits active learning
Ensemble_methods
Last modified 1yr ago
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Contents
(一)引入函式庫