EX 12: Spectral clustering for image segmentation

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​http://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/cluster/plot_segmentation_toy.html​
此範例是利用Spectral clustering來區別重疊的圓圈，將重疊的圓圈分為個體。
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建立一個100x100的影像包含四個不同半徑的圓
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透過np.indices改變影像顏色複雜度
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用spectral_clustering區分出各個不同區域特徵
(一)引入函式庫
引入函式庫如下： 1. numpy:產生陣列數值 2. matplotlib.pyplot:用來繪製影像 3. sklearn.feature_extraction import image:將每個像素的梯度關係圖像化 4. sklearn.cluster import spectral_clustering:將影像正規化切割
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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​
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from sklearn.feature_extraction import image
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from sklearn.cluster import spectral_clustering
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(二)建立要被區分的重疊圓圈影像
產生一個大小為輸入值得矩陣(此範例為100x100)，其內部值為沿著座標方向遞增(如:0,1,...)的值。
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l = 100
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x, y = np.indices((l, l))
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建立四個圓圈的圓心座標並給定座標值
給定四個圓圈的半徑長度
將圓心座標與半徑結合產生四個圓圈圖像
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center1 = (28, 24)
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center2 = (40, 50)
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center3 = (67, 58)
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center4 = (24, 70)
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​
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radius1, radius2, radius3, radius4 = 16, 14, 15, 14
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​
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circle1 = (x - center1[0]) ** 2 + (y - center1[1]) ** 2 < radius1 ** 2
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circle2 = (x - center2[0]) ** 2 + (y - center2[1]) ** 2 < radius2 ** 2
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circle3 = (x - center3[0]) ** 2 + (y - center3[1]) ** 2 < radius3 ** 2
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circle4 = (x - center4[0]) ** 2 + (y - center4[1]) ** 2 < radius4 ** 2
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將上一段產生的四個圓圈影像合併為img使其成為一體的物件
mask為布林形式的img
img為浮點數形式的img
用亂數產生的方法將整張影像作亂數處理
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# 4 circles
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img = circle1 + circle2 + circle3 + circle4
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mask = img.astype(bool)
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img = img.astype(float)
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​
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img += 1 + 0.2 * np.random.randn(*img.shape)
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接著將產生好的影像化為可使用spectral_clustering的影像
image.img_to_graph 用來處理邊緣的權重與每個像速間的梯度關聯有關
用類似Voronoi Diagram演算法的概念來處理影像
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graph = image.img_to_graph(img, mask=mask)
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​
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graph.data = np.exp(-graph.data / graph.data.std())
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最後用spectral_clustering將連在一起的部分切開，而spectral_clustering中的各項參數設定如下:
graph: 必須是一個矩陣且大小為nxn的形式
n_clusters=4: 需要提取出的群集數
eigen_solver='arpack': 解特徵值的方式
開一張新影像label_im用來展示spectral_clustering切開後的分類結果
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labels = spectral_clustering(graph, n_clusters=4, eigen_solver='arpack')
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label_im = -np.ones(mask.shape)
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label_im[mask] = labels
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​
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plt.matshow(img)
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plt.matshow(label_im)
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​
 
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(三)完整程式碼
Python source code:plot_segmentation_toy.py
​http://scikit-learn.org/stable/_downloads/plot_segmentation_toy.py​
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print(__doc__)
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​
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# Authors:  Emmanuelle Gouillart <[email protected]>
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#           Gael Varoquaux <[email protected]>
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# License: BSD 3 clause
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​
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import numpy as np
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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​
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from sklearn.feature_extraction import image
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from sklearn.cluster import spectral_clustering
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​
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###############################################################################
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l = 100
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x, y = np.indices((l, l))
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​
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center1 = (28, 24)
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center2 = (40, 50)
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center3 = (67, 58)
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center4 = (24, 70)
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​
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radius1, radius2, radius3, radius4 = 16, 14, 15, 14
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​
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circle1 = (x - center1[0]) ** 2 + (y - center1[1]) ** 2 < radius1 ** 2
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circle2 = (x - center2[0]) ** 2 + (y - center2[1]) ** 2 < radius2 ** 2
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circle3 = (x - center3[0]) ** 2 + (y - center3[1]) ** 2 < radius3 ** 2
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circle4 = (x - center4[0]) ** 2 + (y - center4[1]) ** 2 < radius4 ** 2
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​
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###############################################################################
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# 4 circles
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img = circle1 + circle2 + circle3 + circle4
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mask = img.astype(bool)
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img = img.astype(float)
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​
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img += 1 + 0.2 * np.random.randn(*img.shape)
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​
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# Convert the image into a graph with the value of the gradient on the
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# edges.
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graph = image.img_to_graph(img, mask=mask)
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​
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# Take a decreasing function of the gradient: we take it weakly
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# dependent from the gradient the segmentation is close to a voronoi
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graph.data = np.exp(-graph.data / graph.data.std())
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​
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# Force the solver to be arpack, since amg is numerically
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# unstable on this example
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labels = spectral_clustering(graph, n_clusters=4, eigen_solver='arpack')
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label_im = -np.ones(mask.shape)
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label_im[mask] = labels
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​
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plt.matshow(img)
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plt.matshow(label_im)
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​
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###############################################################################
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# 2 circles
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img = circle1 + circle2
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mask = img.astype(bool)
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img = img.astype(float)
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​
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img += 1 + 0.2 * np.random.randn(*img.shape)
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​
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graph = image.img_to_graph(img, mask=mask)
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graph.data = np.exp(-graph.data / graph.data.std())
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​
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labels = spectral_clustering(graph, n_clusters=2, eigen_solver='arpack')
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label_im = -np.ones(mask.shape)
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label_im[mask] = labels
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​
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plt.matshow(img)
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plt.matshow(label_im)
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​
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plt.show()
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EX 10:_K-means群聚法
Plot Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram
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Contents
(一)引入函式庫
(二)建立要被區分的重疊圓圈影像
(三)完整程式碼